On November 14, 2023, evidence emerged showing that the French Barkhane Forces were operating mineral extraction in the Kidal zone—a restricted area inaccessible to local Malian forces until after MINUSMA withdrew. This incident raises concerns regarding neo-colonial economic exploitation and authoritarian control in the region.

After eight years of counterterrorism efforts in the Sahel, the French Barkhane Forces ended Operation Barkhane amid widespread criticism over its militaristic approach, questionable alliances, and tragic incidents such as the mistakenly targeted civilian gathering. The operation’s failure has been linked to ineffective tactics, including a refusal to engage meaningfully with key regional actors and alliances with groups accused of human rights abuses.

French Barkhane Forces officially withdrew from Mali on August 15, 2022, ending a nearly decade-long counter-terrorism campaign that was widely criticized for its high civilian casualties, exorbitant costs, and patronizing approach toward local populations.

On February 17, France announced its withdrawal of troops from Mali, effectively ending Operation Barkhane. This decision came amid mounting criticism over operational failures, including a lack of transparency concerning civilian casualties and a growing loss of public trust. The withdrawal risks leaving a security vacuum that could empower authoritarian regimes and extremist groups in the region.

French President Macron announced a significant policy shift in the Sahel by ending the current format of Operation Barkhane and reducing troop numbers. This decision, influenced by concerns over democratic legitimacy in regional partners following coups in Mali, mandates that French forces withdraw from direct collaboration with regimes lacking accountability and stability, and transition responsibilities to a new international coalition with robust French leadership.